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Most of the more commonly used steel alloys are categorized into various grades by standards organizations. For example, the Society of Automotive Engineers has a series of grades defining many types of steel. The American Society for Testing and Materials has a separate set of standards, which define alloys such as A36 steel, the most commonly used structural steel in the United States.

Though not an alloy, galvanized steel is a commonly used variety of steel which has been hot-dipped or electroplated in zinc for protection against rust

These were rendered obsolete by the Linz-Donawitz process of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), developed in the 1950s, and other oxygen steelmaking processes. Basic oxygen steelmaking is superior to previous steelmaking methods because the oxygen pumped into the furnace limits impurities. Now, electric arc furnaces (EAF) are a common method of reprocessing scrap metal to create new steel. They can also be used for converting pig iron to steel, but they use a great deal of electricity (about 440 kWh per metric ton), and are thus generally only economical when there is a plentiful supply of cheap electricity

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A carbon steel knifeBefore the introduction of the Bessemer process and other modern production techniques, steel was expensive and was only used where no cheaper alternative existed, particularly for the cutting edge of knives, razors, swords, and other items where a hard, sharp edge was needed. It was also used for springs, including those used in clocks and watches. With the advent of speedier and thriftier production methods, steel has been easier to obtain and much cheaper. It has replaced wrought iron for a multitude of purposes. However, the availability of plastics in the latter part of the 20th century allowed these materials to replace steel due to their lower cost and weight

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Other materials are often added to the iron/carbon mixture to produce steel with desired properties. Nickel and manganese in steel add to its tensile strength and make austenite more chemically stable, chromium increases hardness and melting temperature, and vanadium also increases hardness while reducing the effects of metal fatigue. To prevent corrosion, at least 11% chromium is added to steel so that a hard oxide forms on the metal surface; this is known as stainless steel. Tungsten interferes with the formation of cementite, allowing martensite to form with slower quench rates, resulting in high speed steel. On the other hand, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus make steel more brittle, so these commonly found elements must be removed from the ore during processing.

Processes starting from pig iron

A Siemens-Martin steel oven from the Brandenburg Museum of Industry
White-hot steel pouring out of an electric arc furnaceThe modern era in steelmaking began with the introduction of Henry Bessemer's Bessemer process in 1858. His raw material was pig iron. This enabled steel to be produced in large quantities cheaply, so that mild steel is now used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. The Gilchrist-Thomas process (or basic Bessemer process) was an improvement to the Bessemer process, because it lined the converter with a basic material to remove phosphorus. Another improvement in steelmaking was the Siemens-Martin process, which complemented the Bessemer process.

Heartland Inc Net :Heartland, Inc., (OTCBB: HTLJ), is a growing diversified holding company comprised of subsidiaries within several different industry segments.

With the most recent acquisitions, Lee Oil Company, Heartland now has annual sales in excess of $130 million and a corresponding EBIDTA of approximately $4.25 million.

From structural steel products, custom steel fabrications, construction services and fifty-five gallon steel oil barrels to oil and gas distribution, Heartland is developing broad product and service offerings to provide economic protection and growth opportunities for investors.

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Heartland Steel, Inc.
Heartland SteelHeartland Steel, Inc. is a newly formed venture in which Heartland, Inc. has acquired 37 industrial acres in Washington Court House, Ohio with the intention of building and operating a structural steel service center. Located in central Ohio, Heartland Steel, Inc. intends to serve a diverse customer base with hot-rolled structural steel and processing. Initial plans are for the erection of a 60,000 square foot building which will be built to easily expand to 120,000 square feet when necessary.

Currently, there exists over 500,000 square feet of industrial grade concrete floors and footings at the site. Heartland Inc. is excited about the timing and location of this acquisition as they continue to move forward with a conservative, sustainable approach to their growth.

Pictured at left are Heartland, Inc. President and CEO Terry Lee (left), with Heartland, Inc. CFO Mitchell Cox (right) who recently reviewed the early construction at the Washington Court House, OH site.

Heartland Inc Info Other materials are often added to the iron/carbon mixture to produce steel with desired properties. Nickel and manganese in steel add to its tensile strength and make austenite more chemically stable, chromium increases hardness and melting temperature, and vanadium also increases hardness while reducing the effects of metal fatigue. To prevent corrosion, at least 11% chromium is added to steel so that a hard oxide forms on the metal surface; this is known as stainless steel. Tungsten interferes with the formation of cementite, allowing martensite to form with slower quench rates, resulting in high speed steel. On the other hand, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus make steel more brittle, so these commonly found elements must be removed from the ore during processing.

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